2023
Whitehead, F. A.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Analyst and machine learning opinions in fire debris analysis”. Forensic Chemistry (2023) Vol. 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2023.100517
2022
Akmeemana, A.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Convolutional Neural Network Applications in Fire Debris Classification”. Chemosensors (2022) Vol. 10 (10) 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100377
Whitehead, F. A.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Decision theory and linear sequential unmasking in forensic fire debris analysis: A proposed workflow”. Forensic Chemistry (2022) Vol. 29. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2022.100426
2021
Thurn, N. A.; Wood, T.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Classification of ground-truth fire debris samples using artificial neural networks” Forensic Chemistry (2021) Vol. 23. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2021.100313
Sigman, M. E.; Williams, M. R.; Thurn, N.; Wood, T. “Validation of ground truth fire debris classification by supervised machine learning”, Forensic Chemistry (2021) Vol. 26. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2021.100358
Corbally, M. A.; Williams, M. R.; Chappell, J. N.; Sigman, M. E. “Detecting Chemical Vapor Diffusion through Firefighter Turnout Gear”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health” (2021) Vol. 18(9). http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094833
2020
Sigman, M. E.; Williams, M. R. “Chemometric Applications in Fire Debris Analysis” WIREs Forensic Sci. (2020), https://doi.org/10/1002/wfs2.1368.
2019
Williams, M. R.; Hetzel, S. S. (2019) Chapter 5: Variation Within Ignitable Liquid Classes, Forensic Analysis of Fire Debris and Explosives. K. Evans-Nguyen, K. Hutches (Eds). Springer
Allen, A.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Application of likelihood ratios and optimal decision thresholds in fire debris analysis based on a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model”, Forensic Chemistry (2019) Vol. 16. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2019.100188
Sigman, M. E.; Williams, M. R. “Advances in Fire Debris Analysis”, Separations (2019) Vol. 6(1). http://10.3390/separations6010013
2018
Turner, D. A.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E.; Goodpaster, J. V. “A Comprehensive Study of the Alteration of Ignitable Liquids by Weathering and Microbial Degradation”, Journal of Forensic Sciences (2018) Vol. 63(1), p58-65. http://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13527
Coulson, R.; Williams, M. R.; Allen, A.; Akmeemana, A.; Ni, L.; Sigman, M. E. “Model-effects on likelihood ratios for fire debris analysis”, Forensic Chemistry (2018) Vol. 7, p38-46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2017.12.008
Thurn, N.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Application of Self-Organizing Maps to the Analysis of Ignitable Liquid and Substrate Pyrolysis Samples”, Separations (2018) Vol. 5(4) http://doi.org/10.3390/separations5040052
Allen, A.; Williams, M. R.; Thurn, N. A.; Sigman, M. E. “Model Distribution Effects on Likelihood Ratios in Fire Debris Analysis”, Separations (2018) Vol. 5(3). http://doi.org/10.3390/separations5030044
2017
Dennis, D. K.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Investigative probabilistic inferences of smokeless powder manufacturers utilizing a Bayesian network”, Forensic Chemistry (2017) Vol. 3, p41-51. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2016.12.001
Akmeemana, A.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Major chemical compounds in the Ignitable Liquids Reference Collection and Substrate databases”, Forensic Chemistry (2017) Vol. 5, p91-108. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2017.07.002
Kindell, J. H.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Biodegradation of representative ignitable liquid components on soil”, Forensic Chemistry (2017) Vol. 6, p19-27. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2017.09.003
2016
Dennis, D. K.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Assessing the evidentiary value of smokeless powder comparisons”, Forensic Sci. International (2016) Vol. 259, p179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.034
Sigman, M. E.; Williams, M. R., “Assessing Evidentiary Value in Fire Debris Analysis by Chemometric and likelihood ratio approaches”, Forensic Sci. International, (2016) Vol. 264, p113 – 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.051
2015
Lopatka, M.; Sigman, M. E.; Sjerps, M. J.; Williams, M. R.; Vivo-Truyols, G. “Class-conditional feature modeling for ignitable liquid classification with substantial substrate contribution in fire debris analysis”, Forensic Sci. International. (2015) Vol. 252, p177 – 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.035
2014
Waddell, E. E.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M.E. “Progress Toward the Determination of Correct Classification Rates in Fire Debris Analysis II: Utilizing Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA),” J. Forensic Sci. (2014) Vol. 59(4), p927-935. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12417
Waddell, E. E.; Frisch-Daiello, J.; Williams, M.R.; Sigman M.E., “Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Ignitable Liquids”, J. Forensic Sci. (2014) Vol. 59(5), p1198-1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12517
Frisch-Daiello, J.; Waddell, E. E.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M.E. * “Application of self-organizing feature maps to analyze the relationships between ignitable liquids and selected mass spectral ions” Forensic Science International (2014) Vol. 236, p84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.026
2013
Waddell E. E.; Song E. T.; Rinke C. N.; Williams M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Progress Toward the Determination of Correct Classification Rates in Fire Debris Analysis” J. Forensic Sci. (2013) Vol. 58(4), p887-896. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12159
2012
Rinke, C. N.; Williams, M. R.; Brown, C; Baudelet, M.; Richardson, M; Sigman, M. E. “Discriminant analysis in the presence of interferences: Combined application of target factor analysis and a Bayesian soft-classifier,” Analytica Chimica Acta (2012) Vol. 13, p753:19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.07.021
Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E.; Lewis, J.; McHugh-Pitan, K. “Combined Target Factor Analysis and Bayesian Soft-Classification of Interference-Contaminated Samples: Forensic Fire Debris Analysis,” Forensic Sci. Int. (2012) Vol. 222, p373 – 386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.042
2009
Williams, M. R.; Moody, C.; Arceneaux, L.-A.; Rinke, C.; White, K.; Sigman, M.E; “Analysis of black writing ink by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,” Forensic Sci. Int. (2009) Vol. 192, p97 – 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.07.003
2008
Sigman, M. E.; Williams, M. R.; Castelbuono, J. A.; Colca, J. G.; Clark, C. D. “Ignitable Liquid Classification and Identification Using the Summed-Ion Mass Spectrum” Instrumentation Sci. Technol. (2008) Vol. 36, p375 – 393. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739140802151440
2007
Sigman, M. E.; Williams, M. R.; Ivy, R. G. “Individualization of gasoline samples by Covariance Mapping and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry (2007) Vol. 79(9), p3462-3468. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac062230n
Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Performance Testing of Commercial Containers for Collection and Storage of Fire Debris Evidence,” Journal of Forensic Science (2007) Vol. 52(3), p579-585. http://10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00435.x
2006
Bridge, C. M.; Powell, J.; Vomvoris, K. L.; MacInnis, J. M.; Williams, M. R.; Sigman, M. E. “Characterization of Automobile Float Glass with Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS),” Applied Spectroscopy, (2006) Vol. 60(10), p1181-1187. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370206778664572
Sigman, M. E.; Williams, M. R. “Covariance Mapping in the Analysis of Ignitable Liquids by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry (2006) Vol. 78, p1713 – 1718. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac058040e
2005
Williams, M. R.; Fernandes, D.; Bridge, C.; Dorrien, D.; Elliot, S.; Sigman, M. E. “Adsorption Saturation and Chromatographic Distortion Effects on Passive Headspace Sampling with Activated Charcoal in Fire Debris Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Science (2005) Vol. 50(2), p316-325.
Sigman, M. E.; Armstrong, P. A.; MacInnis, J. M.; Williams, M. R. “Equilibrium partitioning model applied to RDX-halide adduct formation in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry”. Analytical Chemistry (2005) Vol. 77(22), p7434-7442. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac058037v